Conference On Engineering Science and Technology
The 4th Conference on Engineering Science and Technology (CEST2021) is a scientific event whose fourth edition was held at Alasmarya Islamic University during the period of December 14–16, 2021, under the theme: Innovation – Creativity – Development. It was organized and supervised by the Faculty of Engineering, Alasmarya Islamic University, Zliten, Libya.
كلية الهندسة، الجامعة الأسمرية الإسىلامية
Adsorption of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Marble Waste
The presence of heavy metals in the environment is a major concern due to their toxicity for many life forms. This research studied the ability of using Marble Waste (MW) as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Experimental investigations of a number of operating parameters were performed to assess their effect on the removal of Cu (II) by Marble waste from synthetic solutions. These parameters are contact time, adsorbent dose initial concentration of adsorbate, agitation rate, solution temperature and pH level. The optimum conditions were determined to be pH 6, 2g adsorbent dose, 100 min contact time, 50ppm Cu and 35 0C for copper removal, and particle diameter at 0.275 μm. The adsorption process of copper (II) is tested with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The results revealed that copper is considerably adsorbed on Marble Waste and it could be economic method for the removal of copper from aqueous solutions. Moreover this study gives a value added utilization of biomass to remove Cu from wastewater.
المحور الرابع: الهندسة الكيميائية والنفطية والجيولوجية
Copyright (c) 2021 خالد سالم الجفائري، جمال خليفة الفلو ، سالم محمد البركي ، محمد مفتاح الجبو، علاء بلغارات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Dct Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Zonal Sampling Algorithm Applied With Sspce Contour Extraction, Ramer and Adaptive Triangle Contour Compression Methods
This paper proposes an image watermarking scheme based on DCT transform and selected zonal sampling algorithms. The scheme used LPF and HPF transform coefficients in a certain geometric zone of the original image are retained. All the rest of the parameter is set to zero (0), quantized and transmitted where the watermark will be embedded. In order to test robustness, some attacks are performed. However, prior to the watermark extraction process, the attacked watermarked image will be subdued into contour processing methods using Single Step Parallel Contour Extraction, Ramer and Adaptive Triangle algorithms. The proposed method for contour compression will help enhance image recognition, security and especially where time (speed) is an essential factor. The results show that the proposed watermarking method is robust and secure against various signal/image processing attacks with PSNR values of approximately 35 dB with NCC values of 0.60 and above. In addition, experimental results from contour compression indicate that the proposed Adaptive Triangle method has a high compression ratio without significant visible distortion
المحور الخامس: هندسة الحاسوب وتقنية المعلومات
Copyright (c) 2021 مجدي فرج البريكي، علي عبد الرحمن عكاشة ، جمال علي دوفان ، محمد فايز عبد الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Features Optimization of Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix by Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Texture Classification
Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is one of the most popular texture analysis methods. The fundamental issue of GLCM is the suitable selection of input parameters, where many researchers depended on trial and observation approach for selecting the best combination of GLCM parameters to improve the texture classification, which is tedious and time-consuming. This paper proposes a new optimization method for the GLCM parameters using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC) to improve the binary texture classification. For the testing, 13 Haralick features were extracted from the UMD database, which has been used with the multi-layer perceptron neural network classifier. The experimental results proved that, the proposed method has been succeeded to finding the best combination of GLCM parameters that leads to the best binary texture classification accuracy performance.
Copyright (c) 2021 فتحي مفتاح عبدالرزاق البكوش، الصديق صالح سعيد محمد ، علي عبدالحفيظ الروياتي ، معمر مصباح عوينات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Assistant Android Application "Help Me" Application
Many people find themselves in a situation where they feel threatened or scared for their lives. Those people sometimes might need assistance in carrying out certain projects or tasks or may require certain documents or would like to share certain helpful documents with other users. In this application we try to integrate all of these aiding functions and mobile technologies into one assistant application to help users who require such services, to obtain it easily in one place without any constraints. This application offers seven main functions: signing in/up, adding contacts, sending location using the panic button, asking for a request, doing a favour for a friend, uploading and downloading documents from the server, and how to use menu. We have used Java and XML for the development on the client-side and the Firebase services to develop and store data on the server-side alongside Node.js for server-side function development.
Copyright (c) 2021 نوري الشمام، محمد اشتيوي ، ملاك الشمام https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combining the Forwarding with Delay Slots Operations to Avoid the Branch Misprediction Penalty in Superscalar Processors
Using pipeline system in modern possessors has contributed significantly to the development of processors performance by increasing its speed faster than before, where CPI approaches to 1, however, this technique accompanied many problems, one of them called Branch Misprediction penalty due to control hazard, most of them occurs when implementing dynamic branch prediction. For every five jump commands of a program there is jump command, which causes interruption of the execution of orders through pipeline systems. There are many proposed previews studies, such as Dynamic Branch Prediction and Control Speculation, NTB Branch Predictor: Dynamic Branch Predictor for High-Performance Embedded Processors. This paper presents a new mechanism to combine forwarding and delay slots together to avoid a Branch Misprediction Penalty in Superscalar Processors, it's got better results
Control hazard Dynamic Branch Prediction Million Instruction Per Second (MIPS
Copyright (c) 2021 علي حدود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PRIORITIZED RISKS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN GLOBAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT (GSD)
The study conducts a review for the literature in order to compile the risks that are directly related to the GSD strategy. The case study adopts a Delphi methodology that allows the researcher to achieve consensus on the most relevant and critical risks associated with the GSD project. Twenty software development experts from all around the world participated in the study, with a minimum of fifteen expert in each Delphi round. The four rounds of the Delphi method used in this study are designed to gain consensus on the most crucial risks of the GSD strategy, as well as perform a risk assessment for all the risks compiled from the literature and verified by the participating experts. The results show that there are ten main risks that gained consensus by software development experts and need to be addressed as a priority in GSD projects, where all of them have medium to high probability of occurrence and impact on the software project success using a GSD strategy.
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد الحصني، أيمن مصباح، طارق الحصادي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shale Oil as Feedstock for Libyan Conventional Crude Oil Existing Refineries
Shale oil (light tight oil) refers to Hydrocarbon (HC) trapped in the formations whereas oil and gas cannot easily flow-out into the string pipe as the conventional oil and can be access using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracking technique using a plenty of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure down to open the rocks fissures and allow the oil to flow-out. The Global shale oil resources are estimated at between 330 - 1,465 billion bbls and the global shale oil production is expected to reach up to 14 million bbls/day by 2035 which is equivalent to about 12% of the world’s total oil supply. Shale oil once is extracted is processed & refined into more useful products utilizing the traditional process wise of refining mechanism. Libyan's shale oil reserves is estimated between 48 to 74 billion barrels (bbls) and that Libya occupies fifth place in global shale oil reserves after Russia, US, China & Argentina. The new amount is added to the inventory to lift the life duration of Libyan oil production from 70 years to 112 years. This paper focuses on studying the possibility that the current Libyan refineries that use conventional oil as feedstock to handle and accommodate unconventional oil (shale oil) from the fields adjacent to the Murzuq Basin. Considering that Al-Zawia Oil Refinery (case study) is currently using conventional oil as feedstock from Sharara Field belongs to Rebsol Oil Operations (concession NC-115). It can be concluded that as a result of the prevailing belief among experts in reservoir engineering and geosciences, that shale oil may have the same chemical and physical properties as conventional oil, so the refinery that uses conventional oil may not need any improvement, development or upgrading operations on its current facilities. Therefore and once the reservoir studies of Murzuq Basin are completed in the future and shale oil production begins using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology from the targeted wells, it is possible to start directly pumping the produced quantities of shale oil towards Al-Zawiya Refinery for oil processing whether through the existing pipeline network or that is supposed to be designed for this particular purpose. Libya’s future success in producing and refining shale oil from which it has large reserves, and the entry of Libyan oil industry into this challenge will be a great achievement considering the recent reports and studies issued by energy research centers and global stocks that confirm the decline and depletion of conventional oil production in the most world’s countries.
Copyright (c) 2021 صبحي خليفة، أحمد الشلحي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simulation and Study the Performance Parameters of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
As a result of the promising advantages of the molten carbonate fuel cell, scientists have focused on research and study to use it as a source for generating electricity and clean energy. In this paper, the performance of molten carbonate fuel cell is investigated using a model designed in the well-known simulation program (Aspen Custom Modeler) In addition, the method of building the mathematical model of the fuel cell is presented in general, and the focus was on the special equations and laws of the molten carbonate fuel cell model in particular. After calibrating the model with the results of operating a real molten carbonate fuel cell, the accuracy of the designed model was proven to enable the study of the effect of operating parameters on the cell performance factor This represents a real operation of the molten carbonate cell. The results of the computer simulation program on the cell model showed that the amount of cell potential increases with the increase in cell pressure, temperature and partial pressure of hydrogen, The cell voltage increases at high pressure, temperature and partial pressure of hydrogen. The cell voltage increase in case of high pressures is lower than in case of low pressures. And the amount of electrical power obtained from the cell increases simultaneously with increased current density.
Copyright (c) 2021 خالد أبوجليدة، عبداللطيف بن موسى https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simulation of the Dispersion of Carbon Dioxide During Accidental Releases from Gas Processing Facilities
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from oil facilities is an important and effective way to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Consequently, gas-processing facilities will be dealing with a tremendous quantity of CO2 with high pressure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to simulate the dispersal of CO2 gas leakage from high-pressure pipelines of the gas-processing facilities. The modeling of CO2 leakage from pipelines at CCS process has been problematic because of the lack of appropriate source term models that handle the complex behavior of CO2 correctly during release. In this study, OLGA 7 simulator was utilized for predicting outflow rates and duration of ruptured CO2 pipelines at different leakage scenarios (leakage sizes). OLGA 7 simulator was selected due to its capabilities in simulating gas pipeline leak scenarios in various designs and operating conditions such as Operation Pressure, Isolation valve spacing (IVS), and Emergency response time (ERT). The results of the OLGA 7 simulator provide appropriate source conditions for the selected dispersion models. Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model was chosen to simulate the CO2 gas dispersion behavior within the platform; it is very effective and simple. The effect of operating and design parameters (Operation Pressure, Isolation valve spacing (IVS), and Emergency response time (ERT) on the dispersion behaviors of the released gas in different leak scenarios was studied. The results showed that the emergency response time has the greatest effect on the mass of the accumulated leak (kg) and thus on the level of gas concentrations, and this effect is more pronounced for large leakage sizes. Also, the results showed that the emergency response time had no effect on levels of distance gas concentrations, but it had a significant effect on the duration of the leaking.
Copyright (c) 2021 عمر سلطان ، وئام خروبة، حسن الشريف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KINETICS AND ISOTHERM STUDY FOR ADSORPTION OF METHYL ORANGE DYE INTO LOW COST AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCT (OLIVE SOLID WASTES) AS ADSORBENT
The removal of dyes from wastewater is a matter of great interest in the field of waste water treatment. The effluents from many industries often contain one or more toxic dyes. methyl orange (MO) is one of the most common water-soluble dyes. Therefore, an increased interest has been focused on removing such dyes from wastewaters. In general, several methods are used for the removal of dyes from wastewater. Among the treatment methods, adsorption is comparatively superior. Agricultural wastes are renewable and available abundantly at no or low costs. Due to the abundant availability at no or low costs, little processing cost and ability to biodegrade Olive Solid Wastes (OSW) materials, an agricultural by-product, were identified as a potential adsorbent material for wastewater treatment in this study. Batch experiments were carried out for the sorption of methyl orange onto Olive Solid Wastes (OSW) particles. The operating variables studied were initial solution pH, initial dye concentration, and OSW dose. Equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich isotherm equation. The monolayer sorption capacity of OSW for methylene blue sorption was found to be 101 mg/g. The sorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo second order kinetic model
Copyright (c) 2021 مصطفى توفيق يعقوب، عائشة مفتاح التومي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Matlab Ode Solver for Kinetic Modelling and Simulation of Claus Process Reactions
This paper is focused on a kinetic study and parameter analysis of a chemical reactions in a Claus process of a sulphur recovery unit at Mellita Gas plant. The chemical reactions that take place either in H2S conversion furnace or in a catalytic converters are studied by an analysis procedures that linked a kinetic modelling to a reactors performance. The kinetic data of a chemical reactions in a Clauss process were achieved a ProMax (software) simulator. A PROMAX process simulator is installed and connected to a Distribution Control System (DCS) through instrument analysers and transmitters of a Claus process in a sulphur recovery unit at Mellita Gas plant. A plant kinetic data were used to estimate a reactions parameters by a MATLAB code apply a nonlinear curve fitting regression. The developed kinetic model for a multiple reactions that appear in a several differential equations was implemented and solved numerically by ODE45 solver that available in a MATLAB library. The kinetic model results were visualized and displayed graphically by a MATLAB plot functions.
Copyright (c) 2021 علي أبوصلوعة، عماد الخنجاري، مهاب عبيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanism and Kinetic Studies of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Commercial Polyurethane Foam
Separation of several organic dyes and trace elements from aqueous effluents have a great importance in many areas of research today. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from effluents by using cost effective and environmentally method like adsorption. To achieve this work, batch experiments were carried out with an artificial effluent comprising of MB dye in deionised water. The effects of the initial dye concentration, volume, PH value, stability and removal kinetics were studied. An adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/L was effective in height removal percent of the dye ion, at pH 12.6, and equilibrium time 20-25 minutes. Also, the kinetic process of MB adsorption onto polyurethane foam (PUF) was investigated by applying Lagergen pseudo-first-order and Morris-Weber models to correlate the experimental data and to estimate the kinetic parameters. The adsorption isotherm data were correlated by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. A maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 0.0929 mg/g was calculated using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a functional group limited adsorption process. The results confirmed that foam are effective sorbent for the removal of dye from effluent
Copyright (c) 2021 عبد السلام السويسي، خليفة الغرياني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Efficient Merge of Online Teaching and Distance Learning Strategies in Chemical Engineering Computer Applications During the Covid Pandemic
The goal of this research is to find evidence-based methods for converting hands-on computer programming lab instruction into a remote teaching technique that achieves targeted learning results without sacrificing soft skills. Both instructors and students were faced with a significant hurdle, which evidently requires a shift to distance learning and teaching a fifth-year chemical engineering computer applications course during the COVID-19 pandemic. We employed a mixed online technique to solve these problems in this undergraduate course at Elmergib University, which eased the transition from traditional face-to-face learning in the classroom to the setting of online programming training for chemical engineering applications instructions. The synchronous component of the education was performed using Google Meet video conferencing platforms. While the asynchronous part of the teaching was accomplished by broadcasting pre-recorded lecture videos into a learning management system, Google Classroom is an excellent choice (LMS), allowing students to go at their own pace when studying and progressing. Throughout this teaching process technique, instructors' assessments of students' learning and academic achievement served as an indicator of students' interest in self-monitoring skills. The study found that having a few hours of daily electricity outage combined with an inconsistent or poor internet connection had a favourable influence on students and teachers. Deep knowledge with widely available internet-based teaching resources, such as managing virtual classroom learning management systems and video-based lecturing tools through Google Meet, is a challenge for instructors
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد أحمد الدالي ، أسماء آغا ، وليد الأسود، علي إبسيبسو، زيد سحيم ، فرج بن رجب ، علي الكامل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KINETIC MODELING OF MAIN-CHAIN BENZOXAZINE POLYMER SYNTHESIS STUDIED USING POLYMATH: CASE STUDY
This study reports kinetics of benzoxazine synthesis of main chain type benzoxazine polymer (MCBP(BA-a)), which was derived using Mannich condensation reaction of bisphenol-A with formaldehyde and aniline. The chemical structural of MCBP(BA-a) was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Kinetics of benzoxazine (BZ) synthesis was theoretically studied using Polymath Software. The synthesis of BZ precursors consist of two main reactions. Reaction of amine with formaldehyde, and then followed by the reaction of phenolic compound with the intermediate component of the first reaction. Therefore, the effect of the reaction constant ratio (
Copyright (c) 2021 المهدي عطيه الحويج ، سراج إبراهيم الشريف ، عبدالرزاق إمحمد الأزقل، يوسف أحمد السليني، إسراء بلحاج، سعاد إعويطل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Low and High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Glycol as A Treating and Coupling Agent in High Density Polyethylene/Date Palm Tree Fiber Composites
nical properties and water absorption (WA) behavior of high density polyethylene/date palm tree fiber (HDPE/DPTF) composites were investigated. Two different parts of the date palm tree (mesh and leaflets) were used. The focus was on studding the combination effect of using both low and/or high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a treatment and coupling agent, respectively on shore D hardness, impact strength and water absorption behavior of the composites. Morphological properties of the prepared composites were also investigated. Results showed that treating the fibers with low molecular weight PEG had a significant effect, which resulted in composites with better shore D hardness and impact strength compared to pure HDPE and composites made with untreated fibers. Furthermore, the use of high molecular weight PEG as a coupling agent resulted in better impact strength and shore D hardness, indicating the presence of a strong interaction between the fibers and the HDPE matrix. Morphological observations of composites made with untreated fibers by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the formation of some fiber aggregation, fiber debonding and fiber pullout in composites made with untreated fibers. Contrary, the composites made with PEG as a treatment and/or coupling agent showed no fiber aggregation or fiber debonding.
Copyright (c) 2021 أنور ناصر الشيباني، حسين محمد التميمي ، ابتسام على أحمد ، امية جابر أبو جرير ، عبد البارئ جمعة رحاب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancement of Hydrogen Storage Process Using Heat Pipe
Heat transfer from/to the metal hydride bed is a critical factor affecting the performance of metal hydride storage tanks (MHSTs for short). This study examined the effect of heat pipe on the metal hydride tank by means of heat management. The experimental study explains the use of heat pipe for enhancement the heat transfer in MHSTs, which built using LaNi4.75Al0.25 as the storage media and under various hydrogen pressure supply in the range of 2 to10 bar. This study also presents comparisons between the two different MHSTs which are designed with and without heat pipe. Two configurations of metal hydride tanks are considered and consisted of tubular cylindrical tanks with same base dimensions. The first one is a closed cylinder that exchanges heat through its lateral and base surfaces by means cool with natural convection. Heat pipe is made of copper–methanol combination and situated along the axis of the second reactor. Results show that the usage of heat pipe can be a good choice to increase hydrogen storing performance. The absorption time at 10 bar hydrogen inlet pressure was reduced more than 30%, and the mass of hydrogen storage increased by approximately 10% - 15%.
Copyright (c) 2021 فوزي علي محمد الهمشري، محمد أحمد عيسي، صلاح علي العلوص https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARISON BETWEEN EXTRACTION ESSENTIAL OIL BY STEAM DISTILLATION AND MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION PROCESSES
Extraction processes have been developed to be more eco-friendly applied processes, the most popular conventional method to extract essential oils is a steam distillation (SD), whereas a new technic to heat the plants faster is to use microwave cavity. This work is aimed to compare two extraction methods scaled up based on the experimental results obtained using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for essential oil extraction from lavender flowers. The results proved that the capital cost for MAE mainly increased by microwave cavity and microwave generator, their cost were 8 times higher than that of conventional method steam distillation, while the operating cost for both of them are almost the same. However, MAE over short time and small area to be applied, to extract an essential oil from Lavender flowers. Whereas the SD has an important advantage over the microwave assisted extraction in terms of safety and cost
Copyright (c) 2021 خالد اعبيد ، معاد باكير ، مراد الوليد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pitting Corrosion of 316 Stainless Steel Alloy in Chloride/Thiosulfate Solutions
In this study, the effect of the presence of thiosulfate ion on pitting corrosion of AISI (American iron and steel institute) 316 stainless steel alloy was investigated in four different concentrations of NaCl solutions (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 M NaCl solutions). The experiments were conducted at 50 °C based on the potentiodynamic method. During the experiment, the effect of seven different thiosulfate/chloride concentration ratios were tested (zero, 0.01, 0.03, 0.075, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 S2O3-2/Cl-1 ratios). Pitting potential was recorded for each test. Results show that 316 stainless steel alloy has a passivity region in all tests performed. However, this passivity region was strongly affected by both the chloride concentration and the thiosulfate/chloride concentration ratio. The addition of little amount of thiosulfate to chloride solutions was found to decrease the pitting resistance of the 316 stainless steel alloy. The addition of S2O3-2 to chloride solutions resulted in a lower pitting potential value at 0.03 thiosulfate/chloride concentration ratio compared to the other ratios.
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد سليم فرحات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Analysis Using Matlab Graphical User Interface of Cement Rotary Kiln for Alburge Cement Plant: A Case Study
Cement manufacture has been one of the most energy intensive industries in the world. In order to produce clinker, rotary kilns are widely utilized in cement plants. This work deals with the energy analysis of a rotary kiln system working in a cement plant in Alburge Cement Plant (ACP), at Arab Union Cement Company (AUCC), Zliten city, Libya. The kiln has a capability of producing 4200 ton-clinker per day. The main objective of this study is to examine heat loss of various components of the rotary kiln system. In the present study, a Matlab program with a graphical user interface (GUI) has been used for energy auditing of ACP as a case study. The GUI inputs and outputs showed through the paper as an interface widows. Result shows that 30% of the total energy is being lost. An amount of 20.54% missed through hot flue gas, 5.25% across cooler stack, and 4.56% by kiln shell convection plus radiation
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد الديب ، أحمد ابشيش، على ابشيش https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPENSATION OF MACHINE TOOL THERMAL ERROR BASED ON VIRTUAL SENSORS
Thermal errors can have a significant effect on CNC machine tool accuracy. The thermal error compensation system has become a cost-effective method of improving machine tool accuracy in recent years. Thermal errors of ball screw system directly affect the positioning errors of CNC machine tools. This paper illustrates how virtual sensors for temperature measurement can support the thermal model to predict the thermal errors while reducing the temperature monitoring cost. Experimental results under different working conditions were performed and the proposed model for thermal error compensation proves to be accurate in predicting the thermal error of CNC machine tools.
المحور الثالث: الهندسة الكهربائية والإلكترونية
Copyright (c) 2021 علي محمد عبد الشاهد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LOW COST HARDWARE IN THE LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM USING MICROCONTROLLERS
Control systems engineering is a very interesting engineering disciplines. It requires proper tools to teach it effectively, one of the tools is experimental setups. They are needed to understand and apply different control strategies and to connect theory with application. However, such setups might not be easy to reach for a number of reasons such as their relatively high prices. Hardware in the Loop (HIL) is a way to replace an experimental setup to be studied with an equivalent hardware, such as a PC or a microcontroller. In this paper a microcontroller is used to replace two different physical systems. In addition to simulating the systems, another microcontroller is also used to replace the control loop, i.e. the summing node and the controller. The simulation of the systems and the whole control loop on the microcontroller was carried out using difference equation method and Ordinary Differential Equations method whenever it is applicable. The interface between the two microcontrollers was established using serial communication protocol and ESP NOW. The performance of the control system is compared with MATLAB and showed very high accuracy. The simulation was run in real time, with a sample time of 10ms
Copyright (c) 2021 أسامة الهادي أحمد ، علي عمر الشريف، عثمان امحمد أبوراس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Application of An Intelligent Adaptive Controller for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive Using Neural Network
Electrical motors are designed to operate with high performance and precision while a fast response is achieved by the intended control. Compared to traditional synchronous motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors have complicated mathematical and non-liner models when considering control design. Designing traditional control system becomes more difficult especially when dealing with the interactive parameters. Moreover, the neural network control systems have been a topic of interest since they can be implemented for non-liner and complicated systems without considering the mathematical model of the proposed system. In order to obtain a desired response, the design is achieved through procedure called training the network based on the model. Therefore, this paper presents an implementation of a neural network for a permanent magnet synchronous motors control where improvement of the performance of control is achieved and compared with conventional proportional-integral control. The Matlab/Simulink tool box is used to simulate the proposed system. Simulation results have shown that the suggested controller provides better response than traditional proportional-integral controller for the speed control for synchronous motor driver. In addition, the speed/torque of the selected permanent magnet synchronous motor can be controlled as a desired
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Driver
Copyright (c) 2021 عبدالكريم حدود ، ميلاد القرقني، طارق القرقني، سالم أعبيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ONLINE INVERSION OF A NONLINEAR OPERATOR MODEL USING SLOPE-INTERCEPT METHOD
Systems include nonlinear behaviours always require careful control to treat them. We usually try to eliminate them by cancelling or dominating the nonlinearity. One common method is to find an inversion and cascade it to the nonlinearity. This requires modelling it first. Hysteresis nonlinearity can be found in many applications such as nano-positioning, where smart materials are used. Researchers found several methods to model it physically or mathematically. As the behaviour of hysteresis is complicated, most of models use mathematical operators to characterize the hysteresis behaviour. Yet, most of these operators are modelled and run off-line. On the contrary, in this work, we model the hysteresis on line and invert it immediately. This method is important particularly, when the hysteresis changes with time and requires remodelling. Simulations are run and compared with other methods such the very famous one uses the Prandtl-Ishilinskii (PI) operator and present good results
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد محمد الدردار ، أحمد جابر أبوجرير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY AND SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE WAVEFORM (FBMC) ON THE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN CELLS AT MULTIPLE LINKS IN THE NEW RADIO SYSTEM COMPARED TO THE WAVEFORM (CP-OFDM)
With the increasing development of smart devices and mobile phones in recent years, the demand for high transmission rates for wireless communication systems, especially cellular communication systems, has increased. And as we know that in order to raise the rates of information transmission in cellular systems, more spectral sources must be used, which in turn led to the widening of the transmission packet width for these systems. For this reason, the multi-carrier technology is a solution to the frequency selectivity problem that single-carrier modulation suffers from. In this paper, a MATLAB-based wireless and cellular network simulation tool and the use of object-oriented programming methods are used to study and simulate intercellular interference at multiple links in a new radio (5th generation) mobile phone system. Where the study was conducted by comparing two types of waveforms (CP-OFDM) and (FBMC), through both throughput, Bit Error Rate (BER), as well as the frame error rate (FER). The results obtained from the simulation showed that the waveform (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. It increases the throughput rate and reduces the bit error rate and frame error rate for the primary user compared to the OFDM waveform
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد إمحمد محمد عبدالرحيم ، سراج عبدالحميد الشلتات، محمد حسين القبي، أنس مصطفى الهلوب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of FM Receiver/Transmitter and Smart Keyless Car Using GNU Radio Companion with HackRf One
Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a technology that supports full-features of instructions to deal with and simulate the digital and analog communications. The SDR systems encompass the platform of networked series of the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) providing a complete stand-alone radio system to acquire and process large portions of the RF spectrum. Therefore, HackRF One device can be used as either receiver or transmitter. This device has sample rate reaches up to 20 MS/sec, and operating frequency works at the range from 1MHz to 6 GHz. It is a suitable candidate for providing the SDR features. The SDR has the capability for writing custom routines in a variety of programming languages, for example Python or C++. This paper aims at implementing the receiver using HackRf one with GNU radio companion to demodulate and hear to single and/or multiple FM channels systems. Subsequently, this structure is used at the transmitter side to send files or recorded voice. This paper also explores the concept of securing the Smart Keyless Cars, which use radio frequencies to lock and unlock doors, it is done by firstly receiving or picking up the tuned frequency, saving it, and then transmitting it via Hackrf one to open or close the target door.
Copyright (c) 2021 عبدالعاطى عبدالله، عمر حموده ، محمد الارنووطي ، عبدالرحمن ابوقدح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERFERENCE MITIGATION BASED ON CARRIER INTERFEROMETRY CODES IN THE DOWNLINK LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE CHANNEL
The multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system employs the Hadamard-Walsh (HW) code in the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems. It has been used as spreading code to maintain the multi-access interference (MAI) in the downlink LEO satellite channel. However, due to the non-orthogonality of the HW codes, these interferences are observed at the MC-CDMA satellite receiver. As a result, the LEO satellite system performance is degraded. In this paper, we propose to employ the orthogonal Carrier Interferometry (CI) code with MC-CDMA in the downlink LEO satellite channel. A new system is called CI/MC-CDMA which is used to mitigate the MAI. Moreover, the performance of the CI/MC-CDMA satellite system in terms of bit error rate (BER) is analyzed and simulated. To confirm the analysis, the system is compared to the HW/MC-CDMA system. It has been shown that CI/MC-CDMA satellite system outperforms HW/MC-CDMA
3rd Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA)
Copyright (c) 2021 معمر الحويج https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Flexible and Compact 28 GHz Inset Fed Rectangular Patch Antenna Based on Circuit in Plastic Technology for 5G System
This paper presents the use of circuit in plastic (CiP) as a new technology to develop a polycarbonate substrate microstrip patch antenna (PSMPA) for a fifth-generation (5G) system. The proposed compact PSMPA operates at a resonant frequency of 28 GHz and uses silver as a conductor instead of copper. The polycarbonate substrate has a thickness of 3 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.9. The inset feed technique is used as a feeding scheme to match the patch and the 50 Ω microstrip line. The proposed PSMPA structure has been simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio and its performance has been evaluated and compared with similar existing designs in the literature. The proposed PSMPA shows a return loss ( ) of -23.011 dB, bandwidth (BW) of 1.173 GHz, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.3560, gain (G) of 5.684dBi, and radiation efficiency (
Copyright (c) 2021 سالم عبدالله المزعوق https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Extended Study Regarding the Phenomenon of Optical Flicker and the Design Details of the Statistical Scale Designed by the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Higher Institute of Engineering Technology/Tripoli
The phenomenon of light tremors causes severe anxiety, tension and headaches, and in some cases it may lead to epilepsy for those who are sensitive to this type of nerve stimulation, and it occurs due to continuous or almost continuous fluctuations in the intensity of lighting. It does not mean here single changes regardless of their intensity, but rather that change that has a pattern and nature of continuous stress in time and its effect is of a cumulative statistical nature. This stress is at its highest intensity when the frequency of these changes is 8.8 Hz. It is known that the electrical power of the incandescent lamp is proportional to the root mean square of the instantaneous value RMS of the voltage wave. Therefore, these voltage disturbances must be monitored, which appear as the delay of the voltage wave amplitudes. This type of disturbance occurs due to the operation of the voltage regulators of the synchronous generators or due to the constant change in the value of the loads on the network, especially non-linear ones. Due to the importance of this topic to human safety, the European type EN-60150 has set permissible values ​​for the value of the coefficient of Pst which gives the probability of occurrence of tension due to light jitter, based on the measurement of the instantaneous value of the voltage wave for ten minutes, corresponding to the Plt coefficient which is calculated based on the first parameter as a geometric mean for two hours, European style EN-50160 sets the limits for weekday continuous measurement. The meter is a device that consists of several functional boxes that end with a statistical analysis. Accordingly, the International Electrotechnical Council has issued a standard pattern IEC61000-4-15 that describes the box diagram for a measure of the effect of the phenomenon of light disturbance on human behavior. In this research paper, design details not mentioned in the patterns were given, as well as a computer program on Matlab for a digital scale based on a design for the Higher Institute of Engineering Technologies/Tripoli
Copyright (c) 2021 سالم شفاط، نادية المصراتي ، مجدي بالتمر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photovoltaic Distribution Generation Case Study of 30/11kV(Alskarait Substation)
The Distribution Generation (DG), which is a new member of distribution systems, enhances system performance. The DG improves voltage profiles, reduces real power loss, increases the system capacity and reliability. It is intended to boost the infrastructure in an environmentally friendly manner in comparison to Conventional power sources. Achieving the aforementioned benefits requires installing DGs of appropriate capacity in appropriate location. The ultimate goal of this work is to meet expected load demands for the next ten years in Alskerat (Misurata substation) by means of a photovoltaic (PV) DG system. While PVsyst software was used to identify the type and number of PV modules and inverters, and NEPLAN software has been used to analyze and simulate the work of the PV system. The current loads in the Alskerat power station are 18 MW and the expected loads for the next ten years will be approximately 38 MW calculated by load growth formula rate. The increasing of generating capacity of 20 MW was done by placing an electric power production station using renewable energies, which are the photovoltaic modules. The results of this attempt show an improved voltage profile of the grid and overcome to voltage drop problem while increasing load. From the results, the voltage drop that was addressed to the value 26.89 kV has been improved to a normal 30 kV after connecting the photovoltaic station. In addition, a cost-effect analysis in this work illustrates an advantage for PV systems over Conventional systems.
Copyright (c) 2021 محمد إدريس سالم أبوزيد، عبد السلام أحمد أبوحجر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A MODIFIED DYNAMIC BACTERIAL FORAGING ALGORITHM FOR AN ENHANCED POWER SYSTEM STATE ESTIMATION
Power systems are getting more complex with the ongoing growing of the ever changing energy demand. This dynamic situation of the electric power networks makes the control and monitoring of the system a crucial issue. In order to have an accurate real time monitoring and representative models, state estimation practices are essential. This requirement becomes more significant for nonlinear systems such as the electric power networks. The objective of the state estimation problem is to apply a variety of statistical and optimization methods in order to determine the best estimate of the power system variables. The variables of the power system are conventionally measured using various common metering devices in spite of the complexity and gradual expansion of the networks. However, these measuring meters are associated with errors and inaccurate output readings due to several operational, communicational and device-linked causes. Consequently, determining an improved and optimized estimation of the system state is significant and essentially needed, and hence this topic is getting more attraction among the researchers. The most typically applied approach to deal with the state estimation problem is the Weighted Least-squares (WLS) method. In this paper a hybrid algorithm is introduced utilizing a WLS-based dynamic bacterial foraging algorithm (DBFA). The proposed algorithm was applied and validated using the well-known IEEE 14-bus system. The results demonstrated the effectiveness and superiority of the algorithm when compared to some of other techniques used to tackle the state estimation issue
Copyright (c) 2021 إبراهيم علي فرحات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0